UTL_FILE

sqlplus sys/admin as sysdba

SQL> CREATE DIRECTORY new AS 'D:\NEW';
Directory created.

SQL> GRANT READ,WRITE on DIRECTORY NEW to HR;
Grant succeeded.

SQL> GRANT EXECUTE ON UTL_FILE TO HR;
Grant succeeded.

sqlplus hr/admin

Declare

F	UTL_FILE.FILE_TYPE;
i	varchar(100);

Begin

F := UTL_FILE.FOPEN('NEW','EMP1.txt','w', 32767);

for X in (select first_name, salary from employees where rownum <= 10) loop

i := X.first_name||' '||X.salary;

utl_file.put_line(F, i);

UTL_FILE.NEW_LINE(F);

end loop;

UTL_FILE.FCLOSE ( F ) ;

End ;
/

XML

DECLARE
      F UTL_FILE.FILE_TYPE;
      MYCLOB CLOB;
  BEGIN
      SELECT
DBMS_XMLGEN.GETXML('SELECT FIRST_NAME, SALARY FROM EMP WHERE ROWNUM <= 5')
      INTO MYCLOB
      FROM DUAL;

      F := UTL_FILE.FOPEN('NEW','EMP_DEPT.XML','w',32767);
      UTL_FILE.PUT(F,MYCLOB);
      UTL_FILE.FCLOSE(F);
  END;
  /


Cursor

is a SQL private work area. It opens an area of memory where the query is
parsed and executed.

Cursor types

Implicit Cursor		
Explicit Cursor

Cursor Attributes	

found
notfound
isopen
rowcount

EXCEPTION

error handling. 
action to be performed when error occured.

Types

Pre defined exception
User defined exception
Non Pre defined exception
raise_application_error
SQLCODE
SQLERRM
dbms_utility.format_Error_backtrace()
dbms_utility.format_Error_stack()